Definition and Examples of West African Pidgin English

The term West African Pidgin English refers to a continuum of English-based pidgins and creoles spoken along the west coast of Africa, particularly in Nigeria, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Also known as  Guinea Coast Creole English. Used by upwards of 30 million people, West African Pidgin English (WAPE) serves primarily as an interethnic lingua franca. Examples and Observations WAPE is spoken in a geographical continuum from Gambia to Cameroon (including enclaves in French- and Portuguese-speaking countries) and in a vertical continuum with WAE [West African English] at the top. Among the local varieties are Aku in Gambia, Krio in Sierra Leone, Settler English and Pidgin English in Liberia, Pidgin (English) in Ghana and Nigeria, and Pidgin (English) or Kamtok in Cameroon. It originates in 16th-century contacts between West Africans and English sailors and traders, and is therefore as old as so-called Modern English. Some WAPE speakers, especially in cities, do not speak any traditional African language: it is their sole means of expression.Because many of its features are close to those of Creole in the Americas, some researchers have proposed a family of Atlantic creoles that includes Pidgin in West Africa, Gullah in the U.S., and the various patois of the Caribbean. However, like them, and despite its usefulness, vigor, and wide distribution, Pidgin tends to be regarded as debased English.  (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002) WAPE and Gullah The city that had become the center of the slave trade [in the 18th century] was Charleston, South Carolina. Many slaves first arrived here and then they were transported inland to the plantations. However, some of the slaves stayed in the Charleston area, on what is called the Sea Islands. The Creole language of the large black population in the region is called Gullah, spoken by about a quarter of a million people. It is a language that is probably most similar of all varieties of Black American English to the original creole English that was used in the New World and the West African Pidgin English of the earliest slaves. These slaves, who spoke different African languages . . ., invented a form of English, West African Pidgin English, which incorporated many features from West African languages. Gullah could survive because it was relatively self-contained and isolated from the rest of the world.  (Zoltà ¡n Kà ¶vecses, American English: An Introduction. Broadview, 2000) WAPE in Chinua Achebes Man of the People â€Å"Me? Put poison for master? Nevertheless!† said the cook, side-stepping to avoid a heavy blow from the Minister. . . . Why I go kill my master? . . . Abi my head no correct? And even if to say I de craze why I no go go jump for inside lagoon instead to kill my master? (a servant, in [Chinua] Achebes A Man of the People, p. 39) West African Pidgin English (PE) as exemplified in the [passage] quoted is spoken primarily along the West African coast between Sierra Leone and Cameroon. . . . The type of Pidgin found in literary works by Achebe, [Cyprian] Ekwensi, [Wole] Soyinka, and some other African writers is not the same as that often referred to as trade jargon, makeshift language, or a language devoid of morphological characteristics. PE plays a very important role in West Africa--especially in areas where there is no other common language.  (Tony Obilade, The Stylistic Function of Pidgin English in African Literature: Achebe and Soyinka. Research on Wole Soyinka, ed. by James Gibbs and Bernth Lindfors. Africa World Press, 1993) Characteristics of Tense and Aspect in WAPE Tense and aspect [in West African Pidgin English] are noninflectional: bin denotes simple past or past perfect (Meri bin lef Mary left, Mary had left), de/di the progressive (Meri de it Mary is eating, Mary was eating), and don the perfective (Meri don it Mary has eaten, Mary had eaten). Depending on context, Meri it means Mary ate or Mary has eaten and Meri laik Ed means Mary likes Ed or Mary liked Ed.  (Tom McArthur, Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 2005) Prepositions in WAPE Like many other pidgins, WAPE has few prepositions. The preposition for is an all-purpose locative preposition, translatable as in, at, on, to etc.  (Mark Sebba, Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles. Palgrave Macmillan, 1997)

Smoking Is A Silent Killer - 2427 Words

In the past few years, statistics have continuously shown that over half a million Americans die of tobacco use every year. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and disease. The tobacco in the cigarette contains nicotine, which is a very addictive substance that makes smokers keep smoking. This is very deadly since it damages the body immediately and in the long run causes all sorts of health problems, yet many are still glued to smoking. In today’s context, any form of smoking by any individual is nothing but dangerous for health. Smoking in all essences, slows the body down in the long run and one is not able to function at their best compared to a nonsmoker perhaps. In this day and age, we need to be at our best all the time in terms of productivity, optimum health cannot be achieved by tobacco use. Hence smoking is a silent killer. It is also a very important topic to discuss since many of youths are smoking and going on to smoke even stronger substances other than tobacco. At this rate, many deaths and diseases tend to occur. The reason being on selection of this topic is to be able to pinpoint the short and long term effects of tobacco use. Since I have people close to me that are smokers, it would be ideal to deeply explore more findings on smoking in order to educate them on this addiction that leads to chronic health problems or even death. Most people who smoke do not realize that when one inhales tobacco smoke that they are literally poisoningShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Consequences of Tobacco1042 Words   |  5 Pagesdeath in the world today. Smoking has begun to take over our everyday life. It is the number one most leading cause of death in the world today, and also the number one substance smoked or chewed today. 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Research Articles Analysis

Question: Examine two research articles which incorporate a statistical analysis discussed in this course.Briefly summarize and report on each statistic and discuss whether the assumptions of each test were met and if the type of data was appropriate for each statistical test. Answer: Introduction This report relates to all the details of two articles that are being analyzed and evaluated in this report. The first Article is Impact of patient involvement in mental health research: longitudinal study and the second one considered here is the Reports of Insurance-Based Discrimination in Health Care and Its Association with Access to Care. Both the articles are related to health care field and give details regarding several practices in this field. 1. Problem Of Research Studies Article 1- Man aim was to recognize whether the patient involvement actually is linked to the study success. Also some other problems were to be solved like what are the elements of successful recruitment? Are there any predictors of the level of the patient involvement? Is all the patient involvement linked with the successful recruitment? What are the barriers and the facilitators towards involvement? What are all the possible mechanisms and implications of the study that will be conducted? What are the real impacts of the patient involvement within the mental health research? What are the fluctuations in the rate of patient involvement in health care and also what are the reasons for these changes? (Brackett, n.d.) Article 2- The problems to be researches were like what is the extent of insurance based discrimination by the health care providers? What is the level of variant in insurance based discrimination in health care sector? Find out effective ways to assess and examine reports of the insurance-based discrimination. What is the link of insurance based discrimination with the insurance type as well as access to the care in early years of Patient Protection plus Affordable Care Act? What are the researches done till date on the issue related to insurance based biasness within the health care plus all its association along with access to the care (Brown Wiggins, 2004). 2. Data Collection Procedure Article 1- The research used secondary data for the study under which it considered many studies that were previously made by other scholars. All the research used was the non-commercial research registered upon MHRN portfolio and database. No survey or any other measure was undertaken and also no primary method for collection of data was used. This method of data collection helped the researcher to attain all the available data from different sources like internet, books, journals and websites as well. Also for the study and the research to be continued properly a good pragmatic decision was made for defining the successful recruitment (Carpenito, 2009). Article 2- Similar to the first article this also used secondary method of data collection and no primary research was undertaken. Also a proper primary research was undertaken in which respondents and selected sample were asked to fill the questionnaire and return back to the researcher. Also the researcher used information and data from the Minnesota 2013 Survey of the health access. The researcher then modeled the link amid the biasness and the insurance type and even predicted all the odds of carrying decreased access towards care amongst those that have reported biasness, controlling for the socio-demographic elements. All the data were also weighed to present states populace (Chaubey, 2002). 3. data collection sources: Article 1- MHRN database was used as the basic source for collection of data in this article or within this study. The entire database was most comprehensive database of the mental health research within England and also contained studies that were supported by MHRN. All the studies that were listed on mental health research network portfolio database were cross-examined using the logistic regression and ANOVA as well as Pearsons correlation. All the research used was the non-commercial research registered upon MHRN portfolio and database. About 374 studies that were previously made and registered were used as base for collecting information and later analysis was done (Cheng, 2005). Article 2- The study used the data from 2013 Minnesota Health Access Survey towards indentifying 4123 Minnesota adults aged amid 18 years to 64 years and who reported their experiences of the insurance based discrimination. Department of the Health University of Minnesota State Health Access Data Assistance that had 11778 interviews previously held were used as the basic source of data. The primary research used some 11778 interviews that were earlier collected from the month of August to November in the year 2013 within Minnesota. The researcher used information and data from the Minnesota 2013 Survey of the health access (Creswell Plano Clark, 2007). 4. Independent Plus Dependent Variables Article 1- independent variable in the research was those that could be changed within a provided model. These variables provided "input" that was modified by this model to alter the real "output of the study. Whereas dependent variables where those that resulted from all the independent variables. The independent variables within the study were patients involvement, funder, clinical study group and complexity, follow-up of the study and also randomization. Whereas the dependent variables were recruitment of the participant, the associated results and linked outcome, language used and consequences of the study that was totally based on effectiveness of the study made (Davies, 2002). Article 2- This study and experiment was a real prime instance of how idea of the experimental variables could actually become a very little complex one.Basic and most effective independent variables were the race and ethnicity, society, civilization, plus feeling discrimination, discrimination based on demographics, health status as well as insurance status that were used in the research. All the dependent variables were the CAHPS reports and also their entire ratings of the care and discrimination. Even the variables that were derived from the CAHPS reports were all dependent one as they were not actually derived from any independent variables (Dutter, 2003) 5. Sample Size and Sample Fit Article 1- A nonequivalent correlation gathering outline was utilized to look at three gatherings of members: (a) the individuals who were constantly dynamic in CSIs over a 36-month period (n = 25); (b) the individuals who had been dynamic in CSIs at 9-and 18-month subsequent periods, however who were no more dynamic at 36 months (n = 35); and (c) an examination gathering of members who were never dynamic in CSIs (n = 42). Out of the studies that were used 374 were included within the portfolio from which 207 were then observational and 154 were actually interventional. Article 2- The study populace was initially confined to 7201 nonelderly targets matured 18 to 64 years, barring 2734 kids more youthful than 18 years whose meetings were finished by grown-ups and 1843 grown-ups more seasoned than 64 years who were for the most part secured by Medicare and liable to have distinctive encounters with medicinal services and access to wellbeing protection than the nonelderly grown-ups. Further the specimen was restricted to 4222 nonelderly grown-up respondents who addressed the overview themselves to guarantee estimation of individual experience (Elford, 2009). 6. Statistics Used To Answer The Research Hypothesis Article 1- For analyzing the need and element of successful recruitment pragmatic decision were made to properly define the successful recruitment being a priority as the binary variable along. For answering the query related to existence of predictors of the level of patients all the patient involvement were modestly yet significantly linked to study entry schema, r=0.12,P Article 2- Firstly the study performed Pearson X^2 test for examining the variation within the reports of the insurance- oriented discrimination amongst the uninsured and publicly insured, as well as privately insured youths. The study also ran some two multivariate logistic regression replicas. Results and tables depicted that the adults who reported insurance based biasness were actually more probable to lack general source for care and even lacked confidence in attaining the required care. Also they forgo required care just because of the cost and the experience provider level barriers while seeking the real care. This entire pattern held for every sole person acted as indicator of care (G.M. Metri, 2011) 7. Strength AndWeaknesses Of Displays Strengths- Article 1- The study has majority of detailed data attainable which also fulfilled the categories of the involvement. The tables were used which were easily understandable. It is known that there exist no other real databases all across UK or world that has baseline as well as longitudinal data of such caliber, thus use of MHRN was the most efficient decision (Gillard, Simons, Turner, Lucock Edwards, 2012) Article 2- The display has provided all current and reliable data. The database used to access the data was much updated one and thus the study was capable to attain all updated information. The findings of the study highlight need for academic as well as policy attention towards addressing the insurance-based biasness in the health care scenery (Govaert, 2009) Weaknesses- Article 1- Use of MHRN database and representation of the information from same was not sufficient. The presentation denied involvement to principle investigators. Of course, the researcher could have investigated some more variables which would have allowed more detailed recommendations. The article ignored many facets and variables and also several fields inclusion of which could have made it better (Gulanick Myers, 2007) Article 2- The cross sectional nature of the design limited the ability to recognize casual pathway amid insurance-based discrimination and assess to the care. Many general assumptions were made which proved to be false and vague ones later, this destroyed the quality of the study to some extent. Very limited literatures were examined and this left much gap in the result and the reality (Voelker, Orton Adams, 2001) What did the data analysis depict? Article 1 The data analysis showed that proportion of the studies which involved patients on every of three phases of the involvement being a function of the funding body. The non-follow-up researches were less probable to hit recruitment target as well as with enhancement in complexities the probability of attaining recruitment target also falls. It even depicted that researches with greater levels of the patient involvement also were more probable to attain the success in the recruitment (Han, Call, Pintor, Alarcon-Espinoza Simon, 2015). The main and basic variables recognized here were complication and the presence of the follow-up. Article 2 In this article the data analysis demonstrated that 9.3% of the Minnesota nonelderly youths reported the insurance-based unfairness by the providers of health care. There are vital differences within the access towards care amid the adults that did and those that did not report any discrimination. Also, results and tables depicted that the adults who reported insurance based biasness were actually more probable to lack general source for care and even lacked confidence in attaining the required care. In the states that never expand Medicaid, community programs might be viewed as a very less acceptable one within their entire health care scheme, potentially exacerbate rates of the discrimination (Harris, 2002). Conclusions drawn by author Article 1 Authors felt that this was literally the first and foremost time that associations with the study success got identified for the patient involvement. They felt it as right time when researchers may consider paths to involve the patients extra comprehensively because this is linked with the study success. But some more research is required to explore the findings of the study. Without a database enumerating both the levels of association and data in regards to study outline and enlistment achievement, these inquiries can't be replied. At present, the grittiest proof is just accessible through the MHRN database. The following arrangement of studies needs to recognize the particular component by which understanding contribution apparently enhances enlistment (Held, 2000) Article 2 Similar to the earlier article, authors about this research also felt that there still are rooms left for future research and lying down of several policies and interventions. Also many strategies and involvement studies are yet needed to address the entire insurance based discrimination within the health care settings. Health insurance coverage, albeit significant, may not be adequate to accomplish available and impartial medicinal services. Protection based separation ads to variations in human services and may diminish individuals' capacity to get to medicinal services when required. Given its negative impact on social insurance use and potential danger to longer term wellbeing outcomes, state and neighborhood governments ought to embrace strategies focusing on the lessening of protection based segregation in human service (Jeffers, n.d.) Agree or disagree with conclusions- why or else why not? Article 1- I agree with the conclusion made by the author in article one because this is just the first and most initial study that was carried like an investigation and yet there are several additional questioned that have remained unanswered and all these questions are related to patients involvement which also needs consideration. It is also agreeable just because the study requires both level of the involvement along with additional details on progress of the involvement in study. Devoid of these data everything that can be concluded is that the patient involvement actually is linked with, yet not necessarily a real reason of, the study success (Jtting, 2004). Article 2- Here also I agree with the authors viewpoint because though the researcher has found a vital relation amid the racial discrimination and the insurance based biasness yet several future researchers are yet needed to consider linking to some other information and data sets for controlling for the supply-side measures like medically unreserved areas. Also the fact is that, addressing the insurance-based biasness, especially reducing stigma linked with the public agendas plus poverty more commonly, requires the long-run commitment as well as joint efforts at government as well as societal level (Kearns, Athay Riemer, 2012) Were study limitations discussed? What were the limitations if any? How did the authors deal with the limitations? Article 1- Yes all the limitation and weaknesses of the study were totally discussed in the report. The limitations mentioned were The study did not account for probable contributions of the factors such as quantity of the funding otherwise design elements like the basic science v. epidemiological study that also limited level of the patient participation. The presentation used in the research denied involvement to principle and basic investigators For overcoming this limitation the researcher used MHRN database that as per an audit has been found to be very reliable. Use of MHRNs viability plus support to timely recruitment of research service also provided very fast and easy access towards people having experience of the mental health issues and solved limitations to vast extent Article 2-In this article also all the limitations of the study have been clearly mentioned. The said limitations were The generalizing capability of the study to nation and to other state merit discussion was not possible The study design was cross sectional in nature which limited researchers capability to recognize casual pathway amid insurance based biasness and access to care For overcoming this, direct questions were asked with straightforward reference to the respondents insurance type and status (Manos, 2001) Overall Evaluations Article 1 There were things that went really well. The sample selected was perfect and also the mode of attainment of data was good enough to depict appropriate results and also the data collection method was appropriate as MHRN database was really feasible and reliable one. Though few things went wrong like there were several fields and areas that were not touched or included by the researcher and also some more researches could have been used which were not included in the study at all. The level of trust in this article is low because the conclusion has yet left rooms for many studies to be undertaken(Messina Grainger, 2012). Article 2 Things that went good in this article was that mode of data collection was the most efficient way that was adopted by the researcher. Mix of primary and secondary data made it a proper study. Though there were drawbacks like the study did not consider any specific policy context in every state. Also the study ignored many basic principles that were very necessary for efficient result to be derived from the study. Level of trust here also will be low because this study also has left many areas in dark also the use of data and information were not appropriate (McFarlane Van Hooff, 2009). Provide the discussion of usefulness of every study to the nursing peers: What might they think of study? Article 1- The nurses might think that this research and study will give them all details about patients involvement in the mental health research. They might think that it will be a longitudinal study and thus will give those data and information in general. But as per the conclusion that was brought proved that the study lacked the generalization capability. Nurses may also think that this research will permit them you to chase their interests, towards learn something really novel, to sharpen their problem-solving knowledge and skills as well as to challenge people in several ways (Palanisamy Subramanian, 2011) Article 2- The nurses about this article might think that this article will give full details about discrimination that is done to the patients on basis of their insurance. They might think that this study has not attained a better result as it was just specified and confined to a particular area and did not consider general conceptions. As per nurses the main aim and goal of such study is not just to build facts and bring out results at very lower cost, rather it must have its impacts on the real life of people as well. Also nurses might feel the research to be inappropriate (Parker, Hunte Ohmit, 2015) What might they find confusing? Article 1- In the article 1 use of MHRN database might not be a suitable source as per the nurses because this database might provider older and non-updated data which has also ruined the result of the report, nurses might dislike this and feel the result as confusing and unreliable. The study also varies to the degree that it could also benefit from the patient involvement, but the analysis here actually has revealed that researches funded by some UK funder, MRC, had all poor phases of the patient involvement, and this is really a confusing statement. Though there were several obvious tangible benefits, report even described several problems which might be unacceptable by the nurses (Sarantakos, 2007) Article 2- This study provided all recent proof of the discrimination based on insurance and its link with contact to care of the adult residents in Minnesota, but why only adults are taken into consideration is a big issue that can be raised by the nurses and why other segments of the society has been ignored by the researcher. Several limitations were seen in the research and this might make it a bit confusing as well. First, the generalizing ability of the results to nation and also to some other states merits the discussion. Even, cross-sectional character of study design limited the nurses and did not allow them determine causal pathway amid discrimination based on insurance and the patients access towards care (Stevens, 2006) What aspects of the studies might they question? Article 1- The nurse might think that that some more future support will be needed for this study to be reliable and thus the study might be questioned for not being taken into account by the funders to make sure involvement becomes meaningful and probable to be additionally cost-effective. Also next set of studies might be questioned as they need to recognize specific and concise mechanism through which patient involvement might seemingly enhance and improve the recruitment of staffs in the health care institutes and the study ignored this part as well. Study might also be assumed to need both level of the involvement along with additional details on progress of the involvement in study (Storm, Hausken Mikkelsen, 2010) Article 2- Many factors, like being the member of some underrepresented racial otherwise ethnic community, might also influence respondents towards reporting the discrimination and their right of entry towards care, but the question here can be related to the fact that why these samples and such populace were included in the study when it was known that such samples might hamper the reliability and un-biasness of the final result. It was mentioned in the study that some 53 of the analysis relied upon a sole measure to incarcerate respondents know how and experiences of the discrimination based on insurance but these measures ignored the fact of specifying what type of the unfair treatment were encountered by the respondents (Tambuyzer Van Audenhove, 2013) Summarize why you think the studies do or do not provide sufficient evidence to change practice. Article 1- To some extent all questions may be approached either quantitatively or qualitatively. It all depends on what is the chief goal of the study. This study was approaching a field that was too vast and really large. Considering only secondary data, as per my view was not at all sufficient to give out proper results. As the study was interested within some systematic loom, for producing proper comparable, general sable data, the researcher should have produced a very "thick" description of the specific case/sets/situation and context as well. Each option should have involved some dissimilar types of planning that might best be chased by a exacting research design (Tambuyzer, Pieters Van Audenhove, 2011) Article 2- The research was carried out at the time when the researcher liked to attain and understand meanings, describe as well as understand experience, concepts, beliefs as well as values and other elements like this. If the study would have been considered and an area of research would have got benefited from the quantitative research it would prove to be better learning than what came out. Also tables and data represented were confusing and good explanations for the same were not provided in the report which made it literally confusing (Teunissen et al., 2013) Summarize your thoughts related to the usefulness of the statistics. Article 1- Statisticsuse here was real science behind collection, analysis plus making of the inference that were derived from data.Statistics was a chiefly useful branch in the study which was not just studied theoretically rather was used as advanced measure to bring out better and qualitative result. But as the research only included secondary data search thus it lacked an appropriate statistical carry out. It was also important for the researcher to understand the statistics to get informed,and then evaluate the trustworthiness and value of the data and the information, and then make proper decisions (Taylor, 2008) Article 2- Statistical methods were used to conclude and summarize otherwise describe a gathering of data; which was called the descriptive statistics. Additionally, patterns in data were also to be modeled within a way which would have accounted accounts for the randomness as well as uncertainty in observations. Also the study ignored the greater use of quantitative data and this decreased the level of statistical result in the research (Tse, Tang Kan, 2012) Conclusion Considering the first article working with such faculty-initiated study might also give nurses the chance to work intimately with the mentor. In the second article measuring and monitoring presence as well as impact of the insurance-based biasness in the health care settings also helped the researcher to overcome this problem. Also as per the results attained from data the entire study success got associated with some higher levels of the patient involvement References Brackett, M. Data resource understanding. Brown, J., Wiggins, G. (2004). Making the most of Understanding by design. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Carpenito, L. (2009). Nursing care plans documentation. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Chaubey, Y. (2002). Recent advances in statistical methods. London: Imperial College Press. Cheng, T. (2005). The Impact of Welfare Reforms, Health, and Insurance Status on Welfare Recipients' Health Care Access. Journal Of Health Care For The Poor And Underserved, 16(3), 588-599. doi:10.1353/hpu.2005.0048 Creswell, J., Plano Clark, V. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Davies, P. (2002). Nursing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Dutter, R. (2003). Developments in robust statistics. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag. Elford, J. (2009). HIV and primary health care: disclosure and discrimination. Primary Health Care, 10(04), 281. doi:10.1017/s1463423609990259 Ennis, L., Wykes, T. (2013). Impact of patient involvement in mental health research: longitudinal study. The British Journal Of Psychiatry, 203(5), 381-386. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.119818 G.M., V., Metri, S. (2011). DOES COMMUNITY BASED HEALTH INSURANCE INCREASE ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE. International Journal Of Biomedical Research, 2(5). doi:10.7439/ijbr.v2i5.105 Gillard, S., Simons, L., Turner, K., Lucock, M., Edwards, C. (2012). Patient and Public Involvement in the Coproduction of Knowledge: Reflection on the Analysis of Qualitative Data in a Mental Health Study. Qualitative Health Research, 22(8), 1126-1137. doi:10.1177/1049732312448541 Govaert, G. (2009). Data analysis. London: ISTE. Gulanick, M., Myers, J. (2007). Nursing care plans. St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Han, X., Call, K., Pintor, J., Alarcon-Espinoza, G., Simon, A. (2015). Reports of Insurance-Based Discrimination in Health Care and Its Association With Access to Care. Am J Public Health, 105(S3), S517-S525. doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302668 Harris, M. (2002). Effect of Private Health Insurance on Health Care Access and Health Status of Diabetic Patients Covered by Medicare. Diabetes Care, 25(2), 405-406. doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2.405-a Held, G. (2000). Understanding data communications. Chichester: Wiley. Jeffers, J. Sampling. Cambridge: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology. Jtting, J. (2004). Do Community-based Health Insurance Schemes Improve Poor Peoples Access to Health Care? Evidence From Rural Senegal. World Development, 32(2), 273-288. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.001 Kearns, M., Athay, M., Riemer, M. (2012). Measuring Youths Perceptions of Counseling Impact: Description, Psychometric Evaluation, and Longitudinal Examination of the Youth Counseling Impact Scale v.2. Administration And Policy In Mental Health And Mental Health Services Research, 39(1-2), 104-117. doi:10.1007/s10488-012-0414-z Le Roux, B., Rouanet, H. (2004). Geometric data analysis. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Manos, M. (2001). A Community-Based Collaboration to Assess and Improve Medical Insurance Status and Access to Health Care of Latino Children. Public Health Reports, 116(6), 575-584. doi:10.1093/phr/116.6.575 McFarlane, A., Van Hooff, M. (2009). Impact of childhood exposure to a natural disaster on adult mental health: 20-year longitudinal follow-up study. The British Journal Of Psychiatry, 195(2), 142-148. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054270 Messina, J., Grainger, D. (2012). A Pilot Study to Identify Areas for Further Improvements in Patient and Public Involvement in Health Technology Assessments for Medicines. The Patient - Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 5(3), 199-211. doi:10.1007/bf03262492 Palanisamy, J., Subramanian, S. (2011). Health Care Discrimination in HIV Care. WJA, 01(03), 100-103. doi:10.4236/wja.2011.13015 Parker, L., Hunte, H., Ohmit, A. (2015). Discrimination in Health Care: Correlates of Health Care Discrimination Among Black Males. American Journal Of Men's Health. doi:10.1177/1557988315585164 Sarantakos, S. (2007). Data analysis. Los Angeles: SAGE. Stevens, G. (2006). Enrolling Vulnerable, Uninsured but Eligible Children in Public Health Insurance: Association With Health Status and Primary Care Access. PEDIATRICS, 117(4), e751-e759. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1558 Storm, M., Hausken, K., Mikkelsen, A. (2010). User involvement in in-patient mental health services: operationalisation, empirical testing, and validation. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 19(13-14), 1897-1907. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03036.x Tambuyzer, E., Van Audenhove, C. (2013). Is perceived patient involvement in mental health care associated with satisfaction and empowerment?. Health Expectations, 18(4), 516-526. doi:10.1111/hex.12052 Tambuyzer, E., Pieters, G., Van Audenhove, C. (2011). Patient involvement in mental health care: one size does not fit all. Health Expectations, 17(1), 138-150. doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00743.x Taylor, C. (2008). Fundamentals of nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Teunissen, G., Visse, M., Laan, D., de Boer, W., Rutgers, M., Abma, T. (2013). Patient involvement in lung foundation research: A seven year longitudinal case study. Health, 05(02), 320-330. doi:10.4236/health.2013.52a043 Tse, S., Tang, J., Kan, A. (2012). Patient involvement in mental health care: culture, communication and caution. Health Expectations, 18(1), 3-7. doi:10.1111/hex.12014 Twamley, K., Brunton, G., Sutcliffe, K., Hinds, K., Thomas, J. (2013). Fathers' involvement and the impact on family mental health: evidence from Millennium Cohort Study analyses. Community, Work Family, 16(2), 212-224. doi:10.1080/13668803.2012.755022 Voelker, D., Orton, P., Adams, S. (2001). Statistics. New York: Wiley.

What were the roots of McCarthyism free essay sample

In the late 1940s and early 1950s Americans were scared of a second red scare and that communism would influence their country (Tindal Shi). Americans had seen what communism had done to Russia and how it was a factor of the Korean War and did not want to go down that road too. To calm Americans down an organization was formed called the House Un-American Activities Community. The organization was formed to protect communism influence on American by investigating communist acts that were alleged by people. Despite the organizations effort to calm Americans down, Americans still feared the possibility of Communism and becoming a nation similar to Russia (Tindall Shi). Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin became one of the most ruthless exploiters of communism. He accused a large amount of people of communist acts, mostly government works in which he claimed were Soviet spies and communist sympathizers. He was very paranoid and often accused people on the regular of communist behavior when none existed. We will write a custom essay sample on What were the roots of McCarthyism? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All of these allegations causes a stir in the America society. All of this fear led Congress to pass McCarran International Security Act making it unlawful â€Å"to combine, conspire, or agree with any other person to perform any act which would substantially contribute to†¦the establishment of totalitarian dictatorship. This time was known as the McCarthyism. President Truman’s Fair Deal was designed after his victory and was his way of trying to make all things equal for all Americans. He requested there to be action on raising the bar for minimum wage, free health care and, civil rights legislation so that all Americans would be guaranteed rights. Most of Truman’s Fair Deal proposals were enlargements of the New Deal already in place (Tindall Shi). Although Truman received a wide range of Democratic support he still had conservatives who opposed of the Civil rights legislation like John McMilan who stated that he believed Truman would â€Å"get what he wanted but he doesn’t understand why he has to ruin the world because he was reelected.

Where to Get Condoms in College

Where to Get Condoms in College You might be interested in a one-night hook-up or you might be in a relationship with the love of your life. Either way, if youre having sex, you need to use protection. And theres simply no excuse for not having condoms available when you need them during your time in college. While most students know, however, that having sex in college is pretty common, not everyone knows where to go to get condoms. So just what are your options? Buy Them Yourself You dont have to know exactly when and where youll be sleeping with someone to be prepared. If you think theres a chance that youll be having sex, be ready. Take a walk, catch the bus, ride your bike, or otherwise get your tush to a nearby grocery store, drug store, Target, WalMart, or any other major store that sells condoms. Additionally, if youre at a big school, chances are good that theres at least one store nearby that caters to the sexually-active college crowd. Go see what the buzz is all about and take a walk to the condom store or sex shop right down the street. (Embarrassed to go in? Think about it: You should be embarrassed not to if youre sexually active but not being responsible.) Ask a Friend It can be your best friend that you met on the first day of Orientation. It can be someone you kinda know from your Chemistry class. But if youre in need of protection, ask a friend. They can either hook you up with condoms they have access to or direct you to someone or somewhere else that does. Ask Your Roomie In a good roommate relationship, roommates share all kinds of stuff, from clothes to basketballs to printer paper. If you know your roommate has a condom stash and you dont, see if you can have a condom or two until you can get your own supply. Note: Make sure to ask before taking your roommates condoms, however. Your poor planning now shouldnt result in your roommates awkward situation later. Check the Resident Hall Bathroom Many campuses have a supply of condoms in the residence hall bathrooms for residents to use as needed. If you think youre going to be needing a condom in 5 minutes or in 5 months, grab a handful. After all, if theyre there and you need em, theres nothing wrong with taking them. The wrong choice in this situation would be to not take them when you should. Check With Residence Hall Staff As a former hall director, believe me: Your request for condoms will not be the first, nor the strangest, request that your hall staff has ever received. Ask if theres a supply for the hall that you can have access to (such as the infamous candy-and-condoms bucket that often is brought by the RA while he or she is doing rounds). After all, whats more awkward: Asking your residence hall staff for a condom or dealing with an unexpected, unplanned situation later? Your Campus Health Center or Health Promotions Office Have a few extra minutes on a lazy afternoon? Stop by your campus health center and grab a few condoms from their stash. Chances are they will always be in full supply and the condoms will most likely be free. Spending a few minutes in the health center can save you a lot of time, stress, and problems later. Thats what theyre there for, right? Stop in at the Student Health Clinic You know the place you head when you have a nasty flu? Theyre called a student health clinic for all kinds of reasons and because they help students deal with all kinds of situations. Be proactive about your health and get some condoms when you next stop in. Ask Your Partner Practicing safe(r) sex is the responsibility of both partners in a relationship. If you dont have access to condoms, ask your partner if he or she can bring some. And even if its a random, unexpected encounter, you still have the same responsibility to yourself to be safe. If your partner doesnt have protection and you dont either, find some. Doing so is a lot easier than dealing with the consequences of unprotected sex.

How to Overcome Writers Block

How to Overcome Writers Block How to Overcome Writers Block Writing can sometimes be a fickle mistress, and even the most gifted writers occasionally experience writers block. Here are some ways to combat it. And if you can’t overcome your challenge, call Master’s Essay for help with writer’s block: 1. Engage the brain artistically. Make a collage, paint, build something with Play-Doh: No matter what small artistic task you choose, continue to engage your creativity. Using your brain in a different way can get you back into the flow of writing much quicker. 2. Do some â€Å"free-writing.† Step away from writing on your subject and free-write, using your stream of consciousness. By writing about whatever comes to mind, you may train your brain to tap into the very wording that’s eluded you. Remember, when you free-writing you are not working on a project. Avoid punctuation, avoid thinking about the audience; just write. 3. Get your blood flowing. Distraction is key. If you can take a walk, go for a run, ride a bike, or hit the gym. Doing something physically active helps get creative juices flowing. Natural endorphins have wonderful influence on the brain. 4. Brainstorm/use bullet points. Brainstorm and feel free to pursue different approaches to your topic, no matter how silly they may seem at the time. By looking at something at more than one angle, it will help pull out of writers block funk. You will naturally come up with new ideas by looking at everything with a different perspective. For more great ideas on how to improve your writing and overcoming writer’s block, give Master’s Essay a call today at 1-800-573-0840.

Impact of Employee Participation on Job Satisfaction Dissertation

Impact of Employee Participation on Job Satisfaction - Dissertation Example One of the major challenges which the management of most of the organizations are facing is to develop and implement effective human resource strategies. Developing effective human resource strategies are required because they enhance the overall performance of organizations. Job satisfaction, employees participation, team empowerment are some important components of human resource strategy. Since most of the organizations are facing structural weaknesses and internal challenges, therefore, learning the determinants of job satisfaction has become very important for management. It is generally argued that employees’ participation in the organization, enhance their motivation level thereby, increasing the job satisfaction of people. The aim of this report is to evaluate whether there is a link between employees participation and job satisfaction or not and how participation may increase job satisfaction. This report is very important to understand the factors which may help the organization to increase job satisfaction to the workers. In addition to the impact of employees’ participation on job satisfaction, this report will also determine the role of the level of motivation and organizational trust of employees. Therefore, this report will be really worthwhile for the companies to learn the importance of employees’ participation at a workplace.  To achieve high individual and organization performance, companies are seeking to devise various strategies and employees’ participation in decision making is one of them. Huge literature work has been done to study the impact of employees’ participation on job satisfaction.

Understanding domestic violence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding domestic violence - Research Paper Example Thus, understanding domestic violence within the larger context of socio-psychological issues and social determinants of violent behavior becomes hugely critical. It is especially pertinent within spousal relationships. Social determinants and women who are less educated and financially dependent on their male partner or husband are more vulnerable to domestic violence. Social determinants of aggressive behavior, resulting in violence have emerged as serious issues as they adversely impact the welfare of family and society. Violent behavior is not normal and needs to be rationalized against the context and situations so that it can be addressed adequately. The structural determinants of changing social structure are main proponents of violence within society as they have created huge socio-economic and class disparity (Gilligan). Indeed, changing dynamics of society have brought forth plethora of social issues and problems like rising unemployment, lack of access to housing and medical facilities due to lack of financial resources etc. The poverty therefore, constitutes significantly to the increasing incident of domestic violence, reflecting the frustrations and inability of individuals to cope with their lives’ situations. Violence against women occurs in most society but the decline in domestic violence could be contributed to the increased wages of women and their rising social status that gives them more choices to make decisions (Aizer). She emphasizes that violence against women is more common in families and relationship where women lack financial independence. Pease and Rees (39) claim that refugee women and immigrant population face higher domestic abuse due to traditional masculine identity across races, settlement challenges and fear of reporting. Refugee families undergo language barrier and feel isolated with few opportunities of gainful employment that considerably compounds their insecurities and frustrations resulting in domestic

Comparison Between Two Paintings Essay Example for Free

Comparison Between Two Paintings Essay During the 14th century, when the beginning of the Renaissance took place, Florence was one of the main political, economic, and artistic cities in Europe. The Black Death, the plague that reduced the population of Florence, and the difficulties Florence encountered by this time explain the heavy influence of gothic style in architecture and the elegance found in every artwork created in this era. Florence was one of the top European cities when it came to painting, because it had the greatest school of painting where many important artists assisted. Florence, throughout the years, has always been an important influence in history and art. Even though many artists have a vast aspiration for art, each artist possesses his own criteria and methods that they acquired during the time in which they lived. Artists in Italy from the 1400s throughout 1900s shared many common techniques and skills that were characterized by their era. This period brings a new perspective of life to the European countries in the early fourteenth-century. By this time, people in Italy thought that a new and contemporary era had begun with a new style in painting and architecture and a new evolution in music, science, philosophy, and literature as well. Lorenzo di Credi, is an Italian painter who belonged to the Renaissance period of the 1400s. Lorenzo di Credi, who lived in Florence, was learning about this new era that had a huge impact in everyone’s life. This new era had an advanced development in society and a rise of civic culture. A new sense of realism in art, new discoveries in the material world, and new more joyous vision of the world around them were taking place during the era. The Renaissance influenced the social, economic, spiritual, scientific, and religious aspect of Italy. Lorenzo, who started to have a special interest in art when he was in Florence by the 1450s, was already starting to produce his own paintings. When Lorenzo started his vocation as an artist, he always had a special interest in portraits. â€Å"He is known primarily for his devotional paintings, although he was also much in demand as a portrait painter and was a sensitive draughtsman. † Lorenzo also started painting in oil, which was a new technique that arose in the Renaissance period. This new technique was usually painted in wood or canvas. Oil has a deep, intense tone and has hard, enamel-like surfaces. With oil, painters could also demonstrate the glowing and the light and, if needed, they could arrange any possible mistake or part they wanted to change because oil dries very slowly. This technique is not easy to adapt and adjust, but this did not keep Lorenzo from painting with it. â€Å"It is not known how oil painting was first developed, but in Western Europe there are indications of its use from at least the 12th century AD, and it was widely used from the Renaissance. Oil was also very popular because with it, artists could produce the finest clarity of colour. Artists manipulate the oil using stiff brushes made out of hog hair. Lorenzo was recognized for possessing patience when working in his paintings, he did not only use oil, he also adapted other methods of painting that required a lot of skill. A perfect example of a famous artwork of Lorenzo di Credi is Portrait of a Young Women. In the Renaissance, women were not lucky to live in Florence if they wanted to be involved in society. Woman by this era were just a subject of men. The Portrait of a Young Women exhibits a widow woman. When looking at the painting, one can find a variety of characteristics that lead the viewers to think her husband has died. In the Renaissance era women in Italy dressed very elegantly, wearing long gowns with baggy and loose fitting dresses. Woman used to wear very complex fabrics that covered their entire body. Wool was usually the dominant fabric woman in Italy used to wear in different types of quality and colors. This young woman in the painting is wearing a long, simple black dress with long sleeves and a black veil on the head. The dress may not seem extravagant because she is dressed as a widow. The dress does not contain any important detail, but stills looks elegant. Besides her clothing, her appearance does not demonstrate a positive one. The look on her face and the body language the painting resembles has a negative connotation. It is said that this woman was Lorenzo di Credi’s sister-in-law. She is also holding a ring in her left hand, which one can assume is her wedding ring. The way she holds and places her hands leads the viewer to think she is thinking about him, she is recalling him. The look on her face, her eyes, nose, and mouth are all-static, they don’t have any positive expression. When looking at the eyes, one cannot tell where she is looking at. One may think Lorenzo was imitating Leonardo Da Vinci’s painting Mona Lisa. It is said that Lorenzo admired and followed Leonardo’s paintings. When looking at Lorenzo’s paining, one can relate with her because of the rigorousness body. Her hands and her face are painted with in an accurate manner. Lorenzo’s skills are perfectly demonstrated in this painting, one can see the shadows all over he painting and the different tones of colors he uses in his work. The young woman’s body is so realistic that one can even see the perfect nails and the wrinkles in her hands. Behind the widow woman is a beautiful garden and an enjoyable view. The background contains many details in the tress, especially in the leaves. The background incorporates the mountains and the sky with a variety of tones of blues and greens. The tree behind the woman is painted in a circular way looking like a halo, which can resemble an image of the Virgin Mary. Her face looks calm and docile, which can also be associated with the Virgin Mary. After analyzing Portrait of a Young Woman from the 15th century, one is going to encounter a whole new perspective of life with new techniques and characteristics in a painter from the 20th century even though both artists are Italian. This Italian artist, Umberto Boccioni, was not only a painter; he was also involved with sculptures, theories, and literature. Even though his career came to an end very fast when he died at a young age, he still influenced many artist around the world and had a very productive career. Boccioni was from the Italian city of Verona, but he spent the majority of his childhood in Forli, Genoa, and Padua. It is not until he moves to Rome that he found his passion for art. Boccioni, inspired by Balla, relates himself a lot with landscapes and nature. â€Å"In his first years of activity, closely following his master’s teaching, Boccioni produced oil paintings, sketches, pastels, studies in tempera, and advertising posters. † After several years he went to Paris where he got inspired by the modernity and the French metropolis, which impacted his life and his work in many ways. Boccioni was leaving in a new era were the Futurism, art movement, was taking place. The Futurism movement had a great influence in his artwork; it later became a distinguished characteristic in all of his paintings and his career as an artist. He established this movement, so by demonstrating his painting with this new movement, he also inspired other artists to follow the Futurism. Self-Portrait was painted in Rome in the 1905 when Boccioni was twenty-three years old. In Boccioni’s famous painting, one can see Umberto Boccioni well dressed in black also with a black, flat hat on his head. The painting does not show the body’s parts with clarity and the painting only covers less than half of his body. The way Boccioni paints himself is in a more modern manner using vivid colors in the background and in his face. This portrait is also painted with oil, but this time on a canvas instead of wool. Oil on canvas was the other method artist used in the 1400s, but still was popular in the 20th century. One can see that oil became an important gadget for artists in their paintings and is still currently in use by many artists at the present time. Boccioni’s painting, Self-Portrait, reflects a change in style from light tonalities in colors to stronger contrasts of light and dark. With the way Boccioni applies the oil in this painting, one can see that the body itself is not well defined because of the longer brushstrokes. His face has a deep, serious look with his eyebrows twisted even though his black, little eyes are almost close. At the background, one can see a wall with different tone of yellow, baby blue, and the leaves of a tree. One can see that Boccioni avoided the straight line and has used complementary colors to create a vibrant effect and express a positive connotation in his portrait. Now, one can see that even though both artists are Italian, they still have very different styles; they both have different perspectives of life because of different periods the lived in. Although they both have very different techniques, one can still find some characteristics that relate them and connect their paintings. Di Credi shows a more complex, divine, almost perfect human being while Boccioni portraits himself in a more modern manner. Both paintings are portraits; yet, one can find a lot of distinction between the two of them. While the young woman shows a negative connotation, Boccioni’s self portrait shows a lively man with vivid colors that gets the viewer’s attention immediately. Both artists found a way of establishing a human body in different styles using different methods with the brushes. Another difference in the way these two artists painted is that with di Credi’s painting one can see when he exactly ends in the edges. One can see that the young woman seems real, while Boccioni’s portrait has more shadows. In Boccioni’s painting is more noticeable the use of brushes than in di Credi’s young woman. Usually, each artist demonstrates his feelings in their paintings; or shows a current event happening in the artist’s era. Or they just produce something that has impact their life or them in any certain way. Zeitgeist , â€Å"spirit of the times† can be related with theses two artists and their paintings because both are presenting their passion for art in the epoch in which they are living. All artworks are a reflection of the time. By analyzing and comparing these two paintings, one can find many interesting aspects of art. Art is more than a painting; art is a history behind an artwork that each artist is trying to evoke in every viewer. Art is using one’s creativeness to transmit one’s thoughts. One can appreciate more the Art when learning the â€Å"spirit of the time†; one can comprehend the artist’s emotions by analyzing every single detail in the artwork and the historical background of it. It is beyond belief how many details one can find when observing in detail each painting; one can find intriguing how every artist was impacted and influenced by the political, economical and historical aspect of their own country. The techniques, skills, and styles di Credi and Boccioni possessed are still influencing other artist nowadays. Their artworks will always be recognizable and distinguishable to people because art will never be forgotten. As centuries go by, one will still see these two artists dominating, impacting, and influencing new artists and viewers.

A Sense of Pathos in Journeys End :: R.C. Sheriff Journeys End Literature Essays

A Sense of Pathos in Journey's End How Does Sherriff Create a Sense of Pathos in Act Three Scene Three of the Play? Act Three Scene Three in the play is ultimately the point in which all of the dramatic tension comes to a tragic climax. This sense of pathos is achieved by a number of different factors. The first is that the scene begins with an emotive description of the atmosphere, describing the ‘intense darkness of the dugout is softened by the glow of the Very lights’ and the ‘distant mutter of the guns’. There is also a frequent reference to the cold, which helps to reflect the bitterness of war. The men in the dugout are clearly trying to keep things normal in order to try and suppress their fears about the approaching German attack, for example Trotter sings to himself and Mason fusses about tea and drinks. However it is also clear that there is an underlying tension in the unnerving stillness of the atmosphere at this moment in the play. The men coping with their fears through trivial matters are contrasted with Hibbert, whose fears are not so well concealed. It is at this point that Stanhope’s caring personality and good leadership skills are visible, when he gets water for Hibbert and sends Mason up to keep him company. The more we empathise with Stanhope, the greater the tragedy when he is killed. We also see that the attack is steadily building as the noises of the shells and minenwerfers increase, and the demand for stretcher-bearers becomes more frequent as soldiers are being injured. This relentlessness of the battle portrays how merciless and horrific life on the front line was. When Raleigh is hit, the first thing we learn is that it has broken his spine and so understand that his condition is most likely fatal. Stanhope then commands that he is brought down into the dugout, which was unusual for a soldier to be treated in this way. A great sense of pathos is created in the conversation that takes place between Raleigh and Stanhope. The first way in which this is achieved is by the way in which the address each other, through use of their first names as opposed to Raleigh and Stanhope. This indicates a revert back to the memories of when they were best friends in school and shows Stanhope’s compassionate nature. We also greatly admire Raleigh because he still feels compelled to fulfil his duty, despite being critically injured. As with Stanhope, this sympathy felt by the viewer helps to intensify the tragedy of his death. There is a sense of irony in the fact that Stanhope lays Raleigh down

Fast Food Thesis

CHAPTER I PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING INTRODUCTION Like every other country, the food industry has flourished very well in the Philippines. Filipinos especially students love to eat and that’s the reason why you will see a lot of restaurants and fast foods restaurants scattered in the cities. These restaurants and fast food can be local or international food chains. Filipino food and chefs are considered one of the best in the world. It is hardly surprising that Filipino food is often labelled as somewhat strange (like the ‘’balut’’ for example) but in its own way, its food is a unique mixture of eastern and western cuisines and reflects the history of Philippines. The Filipino food includes dishes and cooking procedures from China, Spain, Mexico, United States, and more recently from further abroad. â€Å"Fast food† generally refers to the type of restaurants that sell quick, inexpensive take-out food. During a relatively brief period of time, the fast food industry has helped to transform not only diet, but also landscape, economy, workforce, and popular culture. The extraordinary growth of the fast food industry has been obsessed by fundamental changes in society. The whole experience of buying fast food has become so habitual, that it is now taken for granted, like brushing your teeth or stopping for a red light. However, what makes them Filipino is the history and society that introduced and adapted them. The people who turned them to their tastes and accepted them into their homes and restaurants, and specially the harmonizing culture that combined them into modern Filipinos fare. Students preferred some of the most popular fast food chains in the Philippines and these are Jollibee, Mcdonald, KFC, Chowking, Mang Inasal and many more and we wonder why? BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Fast food industry is popular all over the Philippines, the source of its innovation and many major fast food chains are based. The presence of multi-national fast food chains like McDonalds, KFC, Pizza Hut, Jollibee, Greenwich and many more have somewhat catered to the high income segment therefore developing a niche as upscale fast food chains. The development in the nutrition industry and technologies had a great contribution to the quick development of the fast food nutrition system. Such developments have changed the nutrition habits and preferences of people. Additionally, fast food chains are not the only or even the primary source of fast food in the Philippines. Many local chains have developed to compete with other popular fast food chains and provide menu items that appeal to the unique tastes and habits at comparatively low costs. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of this study is to identify the most well-liked fast food chains here in the country. The purpose of the study is to answer these following questions: 1. What is the demographic profile of our respondents? 2. What promotional channels are used by food marketers to reach children or students? 3. If food promotion is shown to have an effect, what is the extent of this influence relative to other factors? 4. What is the most prefer fast food chains of Grade 10 students in Sacred Heart College? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research study was conducted to provide helpful ideas, concepts, and information to the following: Students This research study will help students to identify their type of fast food according to their taste and budget. Parents This research study will help the parents to aid their child better in terms of their health and other nutrition facts coming from fast food chains. Fast Food Restaurant Owners This research will also help owners of different fast food chains to identify their strengths and weaknesses when it comes to serving food to their student customers. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The study covered by our group is all about the children/students who prefer fast food chains and if the foods that they eat are healthy. These fast food chains target the minorities and teenagers. DEFINITION OF TERMS Fast food – food that is a take-out restaurant that is quick, convenient, and usually cheap. Demographic Profile-Information about the population of a particular place, how much they earn, spend. Respondents-a group of specific  persons  who  responds  or  makes  reply. Promotions-Generally, promotion is communicating with the public in an attempt to influence them toward buying your products and/or services.

A ideal college student

College by definition Is an institution of higher learning. Being a college student can be excited because It's a different step of your life, where you going to face a new world, deal with different kind of people that not have the some objective as you Like high school. And sometimes move from your country, to the country of your college acceptance. Move from your country means also move from your parent's house; which is one of the best opportunity almost 90% of kids are waiting for when they were in high school.For them, leave their parent's house make them independent ND don't have to be on nobody's control. Being a college student can be also frustrated. This is the moment of your life where you have to decide on what you want for your future, where you are going to understand the meaning of the word â€Å"life†, because you are going to be on your own to find your road and fit your shoes. And a financial aid or loan that stresses you out every time you have a bad grade. What can be more frustrated than that? An ideal college student after finish to choose his major base not on the money Is easily made but where you can be especially succeed; needs to be smart, responsible and organize. To do so you need to know that you have to attend class regularly and on time, Don't skip class for any reason; If you do miss one try to take notes from somebody. So for the next class you can be able to understand because sometimes the next chapter is related to the previous one.Be a good listener by paying attention to your instructor; that means no talking, testing while you are in class. It is better to participate on the course and ask question that's will help you to understand your notes. Be organized that means if your have more than one class don't mix all your notes; put each material for each lass separately so it will be easier when it's comes the time to study. Keep your study area clean and free with all study materials on a specific place that you can reach them whenever you need them.Because, by looking too much for a book can make you agitated and loose concentrations. Don't Walt until final to study make a weekly schedule like: 6 hours to study, 8 hours to read and at least go to the library twice a week for some research. For the 6 hours study try to Identify the author mall point that can help you to understand the lesson purpose, stay focus as you read, use slighter, look for the key points and keep your dictionary close to you. Make new friends so you can have somebody to talk to about the next course or the assignment.In high school we were young; we did not worry too much all that matter was making friends just to have but is different in college. You are not looking only for friends, you are looking for people that you can talk about the course, the assignments and have together a study group so you can meet with for homework and discuss on something at least once a week. Being a college student does not mean you have to focus only on school things and disconnect from the outside.You have to have time for some fun such as going to the movies, having get together, so your mind can have a break and be fresher for the that are rich in proteins and vitamins also do not forget to drink a lot that your body can be hydrated, The ideal college student needs to know that there is no success that does not ask for a sacrifice. Life is getting harder from day to day so there is no place for mistake, all he has to do keep focus, be a devote student, delete the word fail on his vocabulary, be organized and include his text books on his everyday life with those he already has the key of the success door.

Self Efficacy And Students with ADHD Essay

Self Efficacy And Students with ADHD Essay Impact of Self Efficacy on College Students wiyh ADHD and LD Impact of Self Efficacy on College Students wiyh ADHD and LD Nakaya (2009) describes attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a kind of a disorder, whereby one cannot control his or her behavior due to challenges in processing neural stimuli, which is accompanied by extremely elevated motor activity. ADHD can occur in both children and adults although it is easier to recognize the symptoms when children reach the school age. There are various symptoms of ADHD and they differ from one individual to the other. The main ones include hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity. Although ADHD often begins at a young age, it persists in to adulthood in 2 out of every 3 individuals diagnosed with it in childhood (Hammerness, 2009). Children diagnosed with ADHD experience difficulty in activities that require concentration both at homes and schools. They may also find it difficult to make and keep friends. If the condition is not addressed, it can interfere with one’s learning, work, as well as social and emotional development. ADHD is genetic; a child is 25%-35% more likely to develop the condition if born in a family that with at least one of its members experiencing the condition. People born from normal families only have 4%-6% chance of developing it (Nakaya, 2009). Impact of Self-Efficacy in Addressing ADHD and LD On the other hand, learning disabilities (LD) denote a sequence of disorders, which deleteriously influence learning. People with LD have problems acquiring, retaining or even understanding information (Bakken, Obiakor Rotatori, 2013). According to the authors, LD can affect the quality of learning among individuals, who without it showed at least average abilities with regard to learning and reasoning. The level of severity of LD varies from one person to another but it may affect oral language, written language, reading and mathematics. Moreover, LD hampers one’s social life, discernment and his/her general perception of the world. LD commonly lasts throughout one’s life. Consequently, the life of an affected person maybe full of educational underachievement, which can be very discouraging (Selikowitz, 2009). LD usually results from hereditary or neurobiological reasons, which may lead to conditions like ADHD. In addition, LD may develop after injuries that affect th e functioning of the brain, especially the processes involved in learning. There are various conditions that may develop alongside with LD. They include emotional disorders, attention and behavioral disorders among others. Self-efficacy refers to believing in oneself to the extent that one is able to take the required course of action to deal with various situations/conditions (Kernis, 1995). It is what everyone, especially people with ADHD and LD, needs to be able to deal with, including learning and other life’s challenges. It helps people feel empowered as they introduce various corrective measures to numerous limitations in their lives. Such people have more power to determine whether or not they succeed in achieving their goals. Self-efficacy can particularly help college students who are dealing with ADHD and LD challenges. Many researchers have tried to investigate how self-efficacy can be used to assist college students with ADHD and LD learn better. Their work has also concentrated on how ADHD and LD affect college students due to the fact that such conditions disrupt one’s education. Current section will examine the impacts that self-efficacy has on college students with ADHD and LD and how it can assist them achieve high academic and other life’s goals. According to Nadeau (2006), significant amount of attention is being given to college students with ADHD and LD. The number of individuals with such conditions joining higher institutions of learning has tremendously increased. The author goes ahead to explain that undergraduates with the conditions are more likely to be overwhelmed due to many academic demands. Many students having LD do not like to report their condition in addition to the fact that no authorized processes are available in institutions of higher education for the purpose of identifying such students or helping them. Therefore, some faculties have a problem determining if a student is experiencing the conditions, while others do not provide any help at all. Some students may not understand they have a problem, while others may choose to conceal it. Students who hide their disorders may adversely affect their education as they might not receive the required help. Nadeau (2006) asserts that students with ADHD and LD g enerally perform poorly in academics and receive lower grades. They are also at a higher risk of facing academic probation compared to the others. The author proposes a forum in which each of such students can be empowered to create an environment that could assist him/her perform better and achieve the set goals. According to Mayes, Calhoun Crowell (2000), one of the best ways of knowing if college students can perform well is by looking at their ability to sustain attention. It seems to be a problem to those with ADHD and LD. Loe Cuttino (2008) agree with such point of view through their observation that during the first year of college, it is possible to predict the grade point averages of a student by pairing the response inventory of the student with that of their parent. They further explain that students who have high inattentive levels have a higher chance of receiving lower academic grades on average. Apart from the difficulties in processing and functioning that such students experience, they deal with stigmatization issue, as well. Self-efficacy can be included in existing practices to help college with ADHD and LD explore their potential to the maximum due to the fact that it affects how one feels, thinks, behaves and the way he/she motivate him-/herself. Nadeau (2006) explains t hat, with regards to learning, self-efficacy is the belief that a student has abilities to employ the learning strategies to deal with the various difficult learning conditions. Lyle, (1998) supports the point by saying that the individuals who have not been trained on self-efficacy often doubt their capabilities. They try to avoid situations where they perceive failure to be the outcome. The author goes ahead to say that if such students experience several academic failures their self-esteem is bound to reduce significantly. With self-efficacy, students with ADHD perceive themselves to be in control and are more insistent and persistent in improving themselves. One’s self-efficacy, in current case, plays a great role in the environment, in which a student places him-/herself and also how he/she handles failures. The author proceeds by stating that professionals can continuously strive to improve self-efficacy in ADHD and LD college students through positively improving their learning environments. In addition, they should focus on the strengths that such students have. Additionally, counseling to motivate the students to accept and work to improve th emselves is required. It directly impacts the student’s success and makes such students boost their confidence in self-efficacy. Students with ADHD and LD form the largest number of people with disabilities in colleges and may increase up to 29% in some of them (Bakken, Obiakor, Rotatori, (2013). Previous experiences of students are the strongest determinants of how academic self-efficacy is perceived (Lyle, 1998). It is caused by the fact that students examine their results after completing an academic task and equate the self-perceptions with their performance. The way one is able to interpret such performances greatly influences his/her personal beliefs, which lead to a change in their future actions. Therefore, the author comes to the conclusion that the relationship existing between the previous academic performance and the type of beliefs related to self-efficacy are reciprocal. It means that previous success leads to greater self-efficacy beliefs, which translate to greater future academic performance. According to Loe Cuttino (2008), a repeated cycle of academic failures can make students have less belief in their abilities, which can reduce the expectations such people have for their future. Success has been linked to academic motivation and positive beliefs (Stevens, 1996). Stevens notes that students with positive self-efficacy towards academics having the two mentioned conditions are usually more eager to deal with challenging tasks as opposed to the ones with negative self-efficacy, who may not try at all due to their fear of failure. A rewarding learning experience is the one in which the academic tasks are given in accordance with the student’s level. It should be applied in case of people struggling with ADHD and LD in order to reduce the level of anxiety associated with such task. Therefore, faculty and administrators are faced with the task of constructing a learning experience meant to motivate the students and enable them to achieve their fullest potential. ADHD and LD may have varying effects from one individual to another. Therefore, it is important for the faculties to understand the differences and challenges each individual face, which is crucial f or improving the self-efficacy they have towards academics. Selfs of the professionals who can do it include counselors, disability coordinators, even advisers and the support services staff among others. The authors state that most students with LD often associated success with external factors but considered failures as their fault. They normally reason that they fail because they don’t have the ability or skill required. Others feel like they have not made enough effort even when they have. In instances where such negative perceptions are countered, their self-efficacy rises and better results are obtained. Moreover, a change of attitude is noted, which is mostly followed by improved academic performance. Rief, Hanson, Cassone National Professional Resources (2008) say that the level of confidence that one has in handling various situations greatly influences how one views that particular situation in terms of being a challenge, stress or threat. Self-efficacy serves to assist an individual to cultivate a positive attitude, which a ssists a person to develop coping strategies. Moreover, it assists such people to have a better perception of their challenges and have a ‘winning attitude’. According to Farrar (2011), students experiencing ADHD and LD may have their learning experience greatly improved if the right approach is used; this can greatly improve their performance, as well. It is important to note that such students need a different environment and a different approach. That is why it is not advisable to put the two groups of students in one category when trying to help them overcome their challenges and achieve academic success. Many colleges do it but it yields poor results. The author explains that even students with ADHD should be assisted in a different setting from those with learning difficulties arising from other conditions. The ability to distinguish the two is important in dealing with the particular challenges that each group faces. For example, individuals with ADHD have lower levels of concentration, issues with time management, effective test taking strategies and choosing the main ideas compared to the students with LD arising from other condi tions. The students without disabilities were better compared with the two sub-groups in all aspects. Being aware of the two sub-groups is important when training self-efficacy among students because the individuals with ADHD may not find it difficult to visit classes compared to those with LD arising from other conditions. According to the author, some students have multiple disabilities, for instance, a student may have LD arising from other condition and also show some characteristics of ADHD (Farrar, 2011). In such case, case by case evaluation is recommended to offer the support in line with the student’s unique needs. Despite the various challenges and conditions that some students have, training them on how they can assist themselves have shown the best results. In the midst of confusion that may arise after a series of discouraging academic performance, such students find relief and /or consolation in learning how changing their perception and attitude can improve the ir situation. Additionally, a sense of empowerment is cultivated among such students when they learn the practical steps they can take to improve their state. In addition to students’ efforts, self-efficacy is easily achieved when higher education faculty together with the support staffs apply individualized strategy instruction model as a means of providing a learning environment that is both constructive and challenging to the students (Mizutowicz, 2007). Another way of promoting self-efficacy among students with either ADHD or LD is by setting suitable and realistic academic goals (Mizutowicz, 2007). The author explains that the goals decided upon should have some personal importance to the students in order to be successful. In addition to that, they should be short-term, achievable and very specific. Not every faculty and peer mentor has experience of effective coaching but they can use an approach that is effective in order to achieve the desired results. It involves having discussions with the students and finding out what is important to them in addition to the necessary steps that can be taken to achieve the set goals. Such approach leads to a higher level of optimism and satisfaction, which is necessary for the students to not only to do well but succeed in college, a well. Baum, Owen, Baum (2004) observed that presenting clear learning objectives to the students with ADHD and LD helped in assisting the students to cultivate a positive attitude. It also helped students identify the material they would study. As a result, students have more time to read and understand the materials, which results in better grades. It may boost their self-esteem and is also crucial in cultivating self-efficacy. Such strategy greatly increased students’ chances of passing tests and assignments, which further increased their level of self-efficacy leading to more success. Coaches and counselors in colleges can help lower the rate of anxiety and frustration among students through systematic demonstrations and explanations regarding the learning strategies to employ, including individualized strategies that cater for ones’ specific needs. In addition, there should be a conducive environment for the students to approach their instructors with any question regard ing issues that may cause stress and anxiety. When they are relaxed, their self-efficacy is boosted, which can assist them to perform well academically. Kernis (1995) suggests that higher levels of anxiety and depression are linked to lowering self-efficacy. The author states that students normally assess their emotional states in the same manner they assess their intellect. Strong emotional reactions give students signals concerning the success or failure they are expecting. It means that feeling upset or anxious in a particular situation can make students with ADHD and LD believe that they cannot perform the tasks well. On the other hand, when the same student feels physically and emotionally well, it gives him/her more confidence to perform the task well. For this reason, when anxiety is avoided, students with ADHD and LD perform better as their self-efficacy is boosted. Students with ADHD and LD should continue using the common services and accommodation that is offered by colleges for students with disabilities. Examples of such services may include additional time given to complete tests and assignments (Loe, Cuttino, 2008). They can also be supplied with copies of the lecture notes due to the fact that some of them may have difficulties with processing and making notes during the lectures. In addition, such students can benefit from tape recording in addition to being given alternate formats with regards to assignments and assessments. A good example is choosing of oral as opposed to written form for tests. Staff members should also be educated on such types of disabilities and how to handle such students. Mayes, Calhoun Crowell (2000) are of the opinion that faculty should practice such kind of professional training regularly in order to help students understand their disabilities. Such type of training can encourage higher levels of interpersonal communication necessary between the students and the faculty members, making the students develop more self-efficacy, therefore, greatly improving their chances for success. Synthesis and Analysis Self-efficacy has been considered very effective in the motivation of college students with ADHD and LD. The reason for it is that self-efficacy leads to a change of attitude, where affected individuals take active role to improve themselves. It positively influences academic outcomes in terms of classroom engagement, grades, as well as one’s likelihood of having the determination to continue pursuing academic success. Their boosted expectations for success, as well as their willingness to try various self-regulatory strategies yield more success and determination. Additionally, a positive correlation exists between positive self-efficacy, positive perception towards the school and improved academic performance. Negativity, on the other hand, has been linked to procrastination, anxiety and poor academic performance: people with negative attitudes may fail to achieve many of their goals. The remarkable correlation between self-efficacy and improved academic outcomes demonstrate that the role it plays goes beyond one’s skills, knowledge or even intellectual ability. The literature shows that self-efficacy is very useful among students with ADHD and LD. It assists such students to understand that academic performance is not solely based on the student’s capability but on the level of capability each believes he/she has. Promoting positive self-efficacy among college students with such disabilities helps providing them with more rewarding academic and life experiences. It is the responsibility of the higher education professionals to promote a learning environment that can enable such students to receive the best experience at college and continue implementing the same positive self-efficacy later in everyday life. Through positive self-efficacy, the focus is shifted from the impairments that such students may be having and is directed to their strengths. Many of them have experienced academic disappointments, especially before learning how self-efficacy can be helpful. Practices of self-efficacy are meant to encourage more perseverance, op timism and personal satisfaction. Students facing challenges of ADHD and LD can improve their academic and other forms of achievements in higher educational institutions through learning how to reveal their strengths through the use of self-efficacy.

Void Keyword Definition in Java

Void Keyword Definition in Java The void keyword in Java denotes that a method does not have a return type. However, even though a constructor method can never have a return type, it does not have the void keyword in its declaration. Examples The method displayBookData() does not have a return type as shown by the use of the void keyword. Note that the constructor method Book(String, String, String) does not use the void keyword even though it too does not have a return type. public class Book {   Ã‚  private String title;   Ã‚  private String author;   Ã‚  private String publisher;   Ã‚  public Book(String title, String author, String publisher)   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.title title;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.author author;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.publisher publisher;   Ã‚  }   Ã‚  public void displayBookData()   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  System.out.println(Title: title);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  System.out.println(Author: author);   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  System.out.println(Publisher: publisher);   Ã‚  } }

Comparison Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison Paper - Essay Example Throughout the film, there are several traces of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. One of the most obvious similarities between the two stories is the character named Darcy. In Pride and Prejudice, this character is Fitzwilliam Darcy and he is one of the wealthiest and most sought-after bachelors of the area. His country estate is called Pemberley and this is one of the places where Darcy and Elizabeth meet. In Bridget Jones’ Diary, this character is given the more modern name of Mark Darcy and, while wealthy and with parents living in a nice home in the country, he does not own Pemberley. Instead, this becomes the name of the publishing house where Bridget works at the time she meets Darcy. Both characters are thus placed socially and economically at a level above the female lead and are characterized by a strong sense of restraint in emotional expression. This character is placed in competition for the female’s attentions with someone they have tangled with before. In Pride and Prejudice, Fitzwilliam Darcy must contend with Mr. Wickham for Elizabeth’s interest while Mark must compete with Danial for Bridget. In both cases, the Darcy character is not much interested in fighting against someone he feels he cannot win against even though this other character is far his inferior. Mr. Wickham is a lascivious fortune seeker and gambler and Daniel is a womanizer. Despite their significant character flaws, both Mr. Wickham and Daniel manage to distract Elizabeth/Bridget from her true match. However, Elizabeth/Bridget also has a tendency to get in her own way regarding her love life. Both of them are quick to judge other people based only on their exterior appearances and quickly formed character assumptions. Elizabeth assumes Darcy is snobbish and elitist based upon his attitude toward her sister, who is herself restrained in showing her affections toward Mr. Bingley. Bridget assumes Mark is ridiculous because of the silly sweater he’s

Leadership and Self-Efficacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leadership and Self-Efficacy - Essay Example Influence of leadership on employee motivation Mullins (2007, p.155) argued that â€Å"leadership is not about being a wonder woman or a man; but it's about valuing individuality†. Plenty of people have the illusion that wonderful people may become effective leaders. However, the fact is that effective leaders are the ones who are successful in motivating the followers or individuals. Leadership is all about influencing others. Leaders can influence employees both in positive and negative manners. In other words, leadership can inject both positive and negative energies in the minds of the employees. Clawson (2008, p.1) pointed out that â€Å"leadership is about managing energy first in yourself and then in those around you†. Leaders who cultivate negative energy in the minds of employees may fail to motivate the employees whereas those who cultivate positive energy may succeed in motivating the employees. A lot of leadership models are currently popular in the organiza tional world. The major objective of all these models is to motivate the employees properly. For example, servant leadership is one of the rapidly evolving leadership styles at present. â€Å"It is an approach that aims to satisfy the needs of the employees so that it enhances job satisfaction and inspires them to reach higher levels of performance in organizations due to its emphasis on serving, vision, values, teamwork and empowerment† (Mehta, & Pillay, 2011, p.24). In this type of leadership, the leaders are giving more attention to satisfy the needs of the employees. The principle behind this model is that only the satisfied employees contribute heavily to the organization and therefore it is necessary to provide peace of mind to the employees at any cost. Therefore, servant leaders try to serve the employees as the name indicates. Some leaders have the illusion that leadership and management are all about using power. However, servant leadership says that leaders should act even as servants at times to derive the most out of the employees. Another important leadership model in the corporate world is transformational leadership style. The core principle behind of transformational leadership model rests in providing enough motivation to the employees to perform certain tasks. â€Å"Correlational and regression analysis revealed that there is a direct and positive relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment. Results also show that emotional intelligence moderates the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational commitment† (Farahani et al., 2011, p.211). As the name indicates, transformational leaders try to transform the minds of the employees. They cultivate positive changes in the behavior, attitudes and work philosophy of the employees so that the organization gets benefits out of it. Consistency in approaches and dealings is one of the major characteristics of transformational leade rs. In other words, transformation leaders will never be opportunistic. They will assist the employees both during good times and bad times. Nohria et al, (2008, p.3-4) conducted some studies in order to learn more about the employee motivating factors. In their opinion the four drives that underline motivation are; the drive to acquire, the drive to bond, the drive to comprehend and the drive to defend. It is the duty of the leaders to make sure that all these drives of motivation are met properly. For example the drive to acqu